Sustainable development Essay Example for Free

Sustainable development Essay Introduction: Without a shadow of doubt, one of the problems facing today’s China is water pollution. Maybe you will ask, how to define water pollution? Why we will say the water pollution problem in China is so serious? Actually, there are many different ways to measure water pollution. For example, use instrument to test the safety level of water or by using the ph-value to test whether it meets or exceeds the national standard or not. However, we are not professionals. Therefore, today I will just tell you two simple ways. First, by chemical indicators, we can take the water sample and measure the concentrations of chemicals that it contains. If the chemicals are dangerous or the concentrations are too great, that means the water is polluted. Second, by biological indicators, we can examine living things that water will support. If living things can live in the water that means the water quality is still acceptable. However, if the living things can’t live, the water quality is so poor. These simple ways can test whether the water is polluted or not. Causes: There are two main reasons that cause water pollution. First is the industry. In recent years, the rapid development of industrial and urban areas, and changes in agricultural practices. The discharge of waste from industries. The owners think that rivers and oceans are convenient places for them to dump their waste material. However, they did not concern these waste contains toxic substances that may cause damage to the river and lake and also, it is harmful for humans and aquatic animals. Second, for the public, too many selfish and lazy members of the public have immediate satisfaction. This poor civic spirit, a mind-your-own-business, non-confrontational culture make the situation worse. In China, all you have to do is step outside to see evidence of a lack of public hygiene. One popular pastime is littering. The â€Å"expert† litterer refuses to put his  cigarette butt, used tissue, or fish-ball stick in a bin, even if there is one only 3 steps away. It is not surprising that one day, we will live with sewage-strewn beaches and dead rivers. All in all, because the discharge of waste from industries and selfish citizens and weak enforcement of littering laws and government complicity in pollution all combine to make prospects for improvement bleak. Impact on Economic Aspect, Case Study: Concerning pollution of river, algae bloom on Lake Tai has been the concrete example showing the negative impact of unsustainable practices on economic development in recent years. And the government needed to spend huge sum to revamp the situation. Taihu is third largest lake in China, covering an area of 2400 km2. It is the major source of water to Shanghai, Suzhou, Changzhou and Wuxi, Hangjiahu Plain. As the Chinese saying goes, those living on a mountain live off the mountain; those living near the water live off the water. Therefore, the river becomes a major source of income to the local as well. Aquaculture industry, hairy crabs industry in particular, is thriving there. However, the mis-use of chemical substances around Taihu has led an ecological disaster since the 80s. Apart from the industrialization and influx of population of 20 million people along Taihu, development of agriculture and aquaculture contributed to excessive nutrients inside the river. According to Liang and He (2012), the organic pollutant in water sharply rose from 1% in 1987 to 29.18% in 1994. A proliferation of blue algae happens every now and then because of eutrophication in river. Netted enclosures used in Taihu As Qin discovers (as cited in wang, 2007) that excessive amount of bait led to eutrophication of river. Compared with that of river, the water sample of  breeding grounds contained higher concentration of ammonia and nitrogen. Plus, the netted enclosures deterred the aquatic plants from purifying the water. And the slower flow of water supported accumulation of chemical. Hence, the Jiangsu government annually invested RMB 2 billion for management of Taihu since the massive outburst in 2007. And 2.8 million tons of algae were removed between 2007 and 2011 (Liang and He, 2012). According to Wu and Cai (2007), the Chinese government strictly controlled artificial breeding space then. The size of breeding grounds was prohibited to expand and limited to meet scientifically sound standard in Taihu, Chaohu and Dianchi. It was projected that the size of breeding grounds would significantly drop from 81 thousand to 32 thousand hectares in 2008, coupled with the output volume of 8 thousand tons. The sharp decrease in harvest by 10 thousand tons drove price rise. In fact, besides the environment, the local government protected the livelihood of those crab farmers. After the implementation of projects, the number of hairy crab breeders was estimated to decrease to 1500 along Yangchenhu. Hence, provision of monetary compensation aside, these primary producers received knowledge transfer to shift to value chain of crab products. In short, rather than stable growth of GDP from the heavily polluted source, the local government would like to achieve long-term growth by restoring ecological balance and upgrading the development of cities. Plus, the farming and horticulture industry were disallowed to develop within 1 kilometer of peak discharge of river to avoid soil contamination, in turn water pollution of river. Finally, according to â€Å"Harvest Hairy Crab in Taihu, Output and Price rose by 30%†(2011), the quality of hairy crab along Taihu were better than before because of better water quality and limited production. And the Trophic state index dropped to 60.8 in 2011, compared to 62 in 2007 (Ding, 2012). Plus, as Xu reports (2008) that, despite smaller size of breeding ground of hairy crab, the better freshwater favor survival of crab seed which would  not lead to a dramatic drop in output but maintain freshness of produce. In conclusion, there is a long way to complete restoration of Taihu because of high accumulation of chemical substances from human activities nearby. However, the human-induced eutrophication of river can be controlled by the planning and monitoring of the local governments. Meanwhile, they can lay more effort into developing high-price hormone-free crabs to meet greater and greater demand over the world while maintaining sustainability of river for next generation of Taihu. Our future: When considering our future, it seems we have two choices. We can passively let the future happen and live with dead rivers or alternatively we can actively change our future by taking specific steps like work together to keep the water clean so the living things and people remain healthy. We benefit, or suffer, from the decisions made by us today. For me, of course, I will choose the latter one. By doing so, there are three aspects that can do better. First, for education. I think no one will disagree that the success of government education programs is a long term proposition. We need to make people aware of the water pollution problem and its impact. Educators can teach people to clean up their act and organize activities like community beach-cleaning sessions. Also, some concern groups can work with media like television channels or short movies to produce water management programs to promote public education. Education is the key. Positive public action can make a great change. Second, for the laws. Recently, China has enacted regulations and laws to reduce water pollution. However, I think the government needs to punish the offenders. New laws, higher fines, stricter enforcement are indispensable. They can force people and companies to clean up their act. Third, for the economy. Since a large amount of money spent on treating the polluted water. Many environmental experts agree â€Å"polluter pays principle†Ã‚  that means polluter needs to pay for the damage done to the natural environment. Therefore, they may fear that they need to pay more so they try to think some ways that cause less pollution. Last but not least, according to GREENPEACE, â€Å"25% of Chinas seven largest river systems, which include the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Pearl River, fails to provide water which is suitable for irrigation and is considered highly polluted. In addition, 30% of the Chinas rivers and 25% of her coastal areas are considered highly polluted. If one were to take all of Chinas clean water supply and share it evenly with the population, the amount each person would get would be miniscule.1† Therefore, to live better or not, everyone is the director. Positive action can change our future. Just start from today, tackle water pollution before it is too late.

herbert hoover :: essays research papers

Herbert Hoover Son of a Quaker blacksmith, Herbert Clark Hoover brought to the Presidency an unparalleled reputation for public service as an engineer, administrator, and humanitarian. Born in an Iowa village in 1874, he grew up in Oregon. He enrolled at Stanford University when it opened in 1891, graduating as a mining engineer. He married his Stanford sweetheart, Lou Henry, and they went to China, where he worked for a private corporation as China's leading engineer. In June 1900 the Boxer Rebellion caught the Hoovers. While his wife worked in the hospitals, Hoover directed the building of barricades, and once risked his life rescuing Chinese children. One week before Hoover celebrated his 40th birthday in London, Germany declared war on France, and the American Consul General asked his help in getting stranded tourists home. In six weeks his committee helped 120,000 Americans return to the United States. Next Hoover turned to a far more difficult task, to feed Belgium, which had been overrun by the German army. After the United States entered the war, President Wilson appointed Hoover head of the Food Administration. He succeeded in cutting consumption of foods needed overseas and avoided rationing at home, yet kept the Allies fed. After the Armistice, Hoover, a member of the Supreme Economic Council and head of the American Relief Administration, organized shipments of food for starving millions in central Europe. He extended aid to famine-stricken Soviet Russia in 1921. When a critic inquired if he was not thus helping Bolshevism, Hoover retorted, "Twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!" After capably serving as Secretary of Commerce under Presidents Harding and Coolidge, Hoover became the Republican Presidential nominee in 1928. He said then: "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land." His election seemed to ensure prosperity. Yet within months the stock market crashed, and the Nation spiraled downward into depression. After the crash Hoover announced that while he would keep the Federal budget balanced, he would cut taxes and expand public works spending. In 1931 repercussions from Europe deepened the crisis, even though the President presented to Congress a program asking for creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to aid business, additional help for farmers facing mortgage foreclosures, banking reform, a loan to states for feeding the unemployed, expansion of public works, At the same time he reiterated his view that while people must not suffer from hunger and cold, caring for them must be primarily a local and voluntary responsibility.

Article mintzberg

The product, called Smarter, dramatically reduced weed growth in potted lands and simultaneously provided important nutrients – all with no chemicals. Smarter raw materials and manufacturing expertise were available in China and India. As the company grew, the managers and board members talked frequently about organization structure. Two schools of thought emerged. One group wanted to import raw materials into the U. S. For manufacturing by WAR and thereby have direct control over manufacturing, marketing, and sales. These functions would be departments within WAR.The second group wanted to import already manufactured ND packaged products from overseas, outsource marketing to an agency, and hire a horticulture distribution company to handle sales. The second group pushed the concept that no one within the company would ever touch the product. Nor would there be functional departments for manufacturing, marketing, and sales. That discussion of structure within WAR would not hav e occurred 30 years ago when Robert Duncan published his seminal article, ‘What is the Right Organization Structure? ‘ in Organization Dynamics in 1979.At that time, organizations were thought to be solidification, and structure defined the porting relationships among internal functional departments. Dunce's article provided important insights about the conditions under which different internal arrangements would achieve a company's mission. His insights are still referenced in management textbooks today. The purpose of this article is to present key developments in organization structure and design that have occurred since Dunce's article and describe when each can be used for greatest effect.We will briefly review the important structural designs from 30 years ago and then describe key developments since that time. The concepts are organized into three eras, which reflect substantive changes in management thinking from vertical organization to horizontal organizing to open boundaries via outsourcing and partnering.The first era of organizational design probably took hold in the mid-asses, and was dominant until the late asses. In Era 1, the ideal organization was self-contained.It had clear boundaries between it and suppliers, customers or competitors. Inputs arrived at the organization's gate, and after a transformation process, left as a completed product or service. Almost everything that was required during the transformation process was supplied internally. Design philosophies from this era emphasized the need to adapt to different environmental and internal contingencies and the ability to control the different parts of the organization 329 through reporting relationships in a vertical chain of command.The structure of self-contained organizations can be thought of as: (1) the grouping of people into functions or departments; (2) the reporting relationships among people and departments; and (3) the systems to ensure coordination and integra tion of activities tooth horizontally and vertically. The structures of this era, including functional, division, and matrix designs, rely largely on the vertical hierarchy and chain of command to define departmental groupings and reporting relationships.Functional In a functional structure, activities are grouped together by common function from the bottom to the top of the organization. Each functional activity – accounting, engineering, human resources, manufacturing, etc. – is grouped into a specific department. Most small companies use this structure, as do many large government organizations ND divisions of large companies. Divisional The divisional structure occurs when departments are grouped together based on organizational outputs. The divisional structure is sometimes called a product structure or profit center.Most large companies have separate divisions that use different technologies or serve different customers. People within each division have more prod uct focus, accountability, and flexibility than would be the case if they were part of a huge functional structure. For example, United Technologies Corporation (UTC), which is among the 50 largest U. S. Industrial rims, has product divisions for air-conditioning and heating (Carrier), elevators and escalators (Otis), aircraft engines (Pratt & Whitney), helicopters (Scissors), and aerospace (Hamilton Suntanned), among others.Each division acts like a stand-alone company, doing its own product development, marketing, and finance. 330 Horizontal Overlays and Matrix Few organizations can be successful today with a pure functional structure, because the resulting functional or divisional silos inhibit the amount of coordination needed in a changing competitive environment. Organizations break down silos by using a variety of horizontal linkage mechanisms to improve communication among departments and divisions. These coordination relationships are often drawn on organization charts as d otted lines.Many organizations use full-time product managers, project managers, or brand managers, to coordinate the work of several departments. The brand manager for Planters Peanuts, for example, serves as an integrator by coordinating the sales, advertising, and distribution for that product. General Motors Corp.. Has brand managers who are integrators responsible for marketing and ales strategies for each of Gem's new models. Organizations that need even stronger horizontal coordination may evolve to a matrix structure. The matrix combines a vertical structure with an equally strong horizontal overlay.While the vertical structure provides traditional control within functional departments, the horizontal overlay provides coordination across departments to achieve profit goals. This structure has lines of formal authority along two dimensions, such as functional and product or product and region. Some employees report to two bosses simultaneously. For example, after a regional r acketing promotion went $10 million over budget, Nikkei Inc. Managers engineered a matrix structure that assigned dual responsibility by product and region to manage the introduction of new products each year.

Constitutional Law Essay

Constitutional Law May be deemed elusive and immaterial when the constitutions in Consideration are either dead, hogwash and unrealistic. Critically analyze the above statement using relevant case law and statutory provisions. In looking at the above statement, I will attempt to define constitution, Constitution Law and constitutionalism and try to look into how the governments of the world especially Africa and the West, more specifically Kenya and the United states of America have tried to uphold constitutionalism and on the other hand how lack of it has brought the disregard of the constitutions by in most cases, the ruling elites and hence the statement† Constitutional Law May be deemed elusive and immaterial when the constitutions in Consideration are either dead, hogwash and unrealistic†. A constitution is a set of laws either written or unwritten that govern the relationship between the different organs of a government that is the Executive, Judiciary and the Legislature and the relationship between the government and the governed in a given state or country. This is the supreme law of any given state. Constitutional Law is that branch of law that governs and guides constitutional interpretation and implementation as well as sets down the relationship between different entities of a state namely the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. It is essentially a body of law derived from a country’s written constitution that lays down and guides the duties and powers of the government, and the duties and rights of its citizens and residents. All States can be said to have some form of norm that governs the relationship between the arms of the government and a government and its people, however the problem comes in in implementation of the said norms.

Biography of Pedro Flores, Father of the Yo-Yo

Biography of Pedro Flores, Father of the Yo-Yo Pedro Flores (April 26, 1896–December 1963) took what had been a Filipino weapon, and later a Filipino toy, and started manufacturing yo-yos in the United States. He soon became a self-made millionaire as the popularity of the toy skyrocketed. Indeed, the word yo-yo is a Tagalog word, the native language of the Philippines, and means come back. Fast Facts: Pedro Flores Known For: Introducing the yo-yo toy to the United States.Also Known As: Pedro Edralin FloresBorn: April 26, 1896 in Vintarilocos,  PhilippinesDied: December 1963 in Santa Barbara, CaliforniaEducation: University of California, Berkeley, Hastings College of LawSpouse: Edria Myers (m. June 6, 1931–December 1963)Children: Delmar Walters (stepson)Notable Quote: I am more interested in teaching children to use the yo-yos than I am in manufacturing of yo-yos. Early Years Flores was born on April 26, 1895, in Vintarilocos Norte, Philippines. He immigrated with his family to the United States in 1915, later studying law at the University of California Berkeley and the Hastings College of Law in San Francisco. Flores Edria Myers on June 6, 1931. They were married until Flores died. Flores never completed his law degree and began his yo-yo business while working as a bellboy. From Weapon to Toy In the Philippines, the yo-yo was a weapon for over 400 years. The weaponized version featured large, sharp edges, and studs and attached to thick, 20-foot ropes for flinging at enemies or prey. Later, a form of the yo-yo, which had originated in China, became a popular toy in Europe and Asia. Flores had played with these toy yo-yos as a child- they were called bandalores at the time- and felt there might be a market for the toy in the U.S. Yo-Yo Manufacturing Company In 1928, Flores started the Yo-Yo Manufacturing Company in Santa Barbara. Flores began making yo-yos by hand for neighborhood children, but soon, James and Daniel Stone of Los Angeles financed machinery for the mass their production. Within a year, Flores was selling 300,000 yo-yos annually. On July 22, 1930, Flores trademarked the term Yo-Yo. Eventually, Donald F. Duncan Sr., who founded the Duncan Toy Company in 1929, took notice of the popularity of yo-yos. He bought the rights to the trademark and company from Flores that same year for $750,000. Promoting the Yo-Yo Flores stayed active and helped Duncan promote the yo-yo in the early years of the product. Particularly in 1931 and 1932, Flores staged yo-yo contests in various cities around the country. These contests featured yo-yo tricks, which became popular over the years, such as the sleeper, where the yo-yo seems to spin in place at the end of its string, or the walk the dog, where the practitioner seemingly gets the yo-yo to walk/roll along the ground and then return. Death Flores died in December 1963 in Coshocton, Ohio, where he had lived for more than two decades. He is buried in the South Lawn Cemetery in Coshocton. Legacy By 1962, Duncan Toys had sold 45 million yo-yos in the U.S. Three years later, the company went bankrupt. Flambeau Plastics Company (today Flambeau Inc.), acquired the rights to the yo-yo, and today it manufactures and sells the 11 different models of yo-yos (as of April 2018) still under the name of the Duncan Toys Company, which operates as a Flambeau subsidiary. Since Flores brought the toy to the U.S. decades ago, the yo-yo has become deeply ingrained in the culture of the country. For example, in 1968, Abbie Hoffman was cited for contempt of Congress for walking the dog in an effort to entertain the House Subcommittee on Un-American Activities that was investigating him, and Richard Nixon made headlines when he used a yo-yo on stage at the opening of the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville in 1974. Sources Findagrave.com.History Of The Yo-Yo.  Museum of Yo-Yo History.ï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Pedro Flores Story | The Character Network.†Ã‚  The Character Network RSS.Revolvy, LLC. â€Å"‘Pedro Flores (Inventor) on Revolvy.com.†Ã‚  Revolvy.

Gogatsu byou May Sickness

Gogatsu byou May Sickness After Golden Week (a succession of holidays) is over, a symptom called, Gogatsu byou occurs to some Japanese people. Gogatsu means May and byou means sickness. It is a depression that affects some new students or employees during the first few months of their new life (the Japanese school year starts in April). It is not a medical term and is usually diagnosed as an adjustment disorder. It is always hard to get back to a regular routine after a nice long vacation. Japanese Translation ä ºâ€Ã¦Å"ˆçâ€"… ã‚ ´Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' «Ã£Æ'‡ãÆ' ³Ã£â€š ¦Ã£â€š £Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¯Ã£ Å'ç µâ€šÃ£â€š Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¨Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€žÃ£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¦Å"ˆçâ€"…㠁 ¨Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€ Ã§â€"‡çŠ ¶Ã£  «Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã¤ º ºÃ£ Å'㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦â€" °Ã£ â€"㠁„生æ ´ »Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ §â€¹Ã£â€š Ã£ Å¸Ã£Æ' ¶Ã¦Å"ˆã  ®Ã©â€"“㠁 «Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦â€" °Ã¥â€¦ ¥Ã§â€Å¸Ã£â€šâ€žÃ¦â€" °Ã¥â€¦ ¥Ã§ ¤ ¾Ã¥â€œ ¡Ã£  «Ã£  ¿Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€šÅ'る㠁†ã  ¤Ã§â€"…㠁 ®Ã£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š(æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  ®Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ º ¦Ã£  ¯Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ¦Å"ˆã  «Ã¥ §â€¹Ã£  ¾Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š) ä ºâ€Ã¦Å"ˆçâ€"…㠁 ¯Ã¥Å' »Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  ªÃ¥  Ã§ § °Ã£  §Ã£  ¯Ã£  ªÃ£  Ã£â‚¬ Ã©  ©Ã¥ ¿Å"éšÅ"Ã¥ ® ³Ã£  ¨Ã¨ ¨ ºÃ¦â€" ­Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šÅ'る㠁“㠁 ¨Ã£ Å'Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¹ ¸Ã£ â€žÃ£  ªÃ£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  §Ã§ § Ã£  ¯Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¦Å"ˆçâ€"…㠁 «Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã £  ¯Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£ Å'〠Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁„é• ·Ã£ â€žÃ¤ ¼â€˜Ã£  ¿Ã£  ®Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¨Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ¸ ¸Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦ ´ »Ã£  «Ã¦Ë† »Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ®Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šË†Ã£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€š Romaji Translation Gooruden wiiku ga owatta ato gurai ni, gogatsu byou to iu shoujou ni kakaru hito ga imasu. Atarashii seikatsu o hajimeta ni, san kagetsu no aida ni, shinnyuusei ya shinnyuushain ni mirareru utsubyou no youna mono desu. (Nihon no gakunendo wa shigatsu ni hajimarimasu.) Gogatsu byou wa igakutekina meishou dewa naku, tekiou shougai to shindan sareru koto ga ooi desu. Saiwaina koto ni, nihon de watashi wa gogatsu byou ni kakatta koto wa arimasen ga, tanoshii nagai yasumi no ato, nichijou seikatsu ni modoru nowa taihenna mono desu yo ne. Note: The translation is not always literal. Beginners Phrase It is always hard to get back to a regular routine after a nice long vacation. Tanoshii nagai yasumi no ato, nichijou seikatsu ni modoru nowa taihenna mono desu.㠁Ÿã  ®Ã£ â€"㠁„ 㠁 ªÃ£ Å'㠁„ や㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ®Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¨Ã£â‚¬ Ã£  «Ã£  ¡Ã£ ËœÃ£â€šâ€¡Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€ºÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€¹Ã£  ¤Ã£  « も㠁 ©Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ®Ã£  ¯ 㠁Ÿã â€žÃ£  ¸Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁„é• ·Ã£ â€žÃ¤ ¼â€˜Ã£  ¿Ã£  ®Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¨Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ¸ ¸Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦ ´ »Ã£  «Ã¦Ë† »Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ®Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š

The Significance of Motives and the Role of Duty in Morality in Kants Essay

The Significance of Motives and the Role of Duty in Morality in Kants Work - Essay Example This study outlines that Kant defines the right motive as doing the right thing, doing one’s duty and respecting the moral law in the process. In other words, to be rational is to constantly have the right motive/good will. Most important to morality, according to Kant, is thus a good will that makes people to automatically do their duty. Kant’s philosophy on morality was based on what he referred to as the â€Å"Categorical Imperative† (CI), which bases morality on a standard of rationality. â€Å"Formulations of the CI bring together the perspectives of one who seeks to act on principles that all others could share and one who seeks to act on principles that that respect all others’ capacities to act.†. In other words, to violate the CI is tantamount to immorality. In fact, other philosophers such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes agreed with Kant on this perception of morality, especially his basing of morality on the CI standards of rationality. F rom this paper it is clear that the fundamental of morality as contained in the CI is the law of an autonomous will and a self-governing reasoning in which people are viewed as possessing equal worth and as deserving equal respect. A rather useful work of Kant’s on morality is â€Å"The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals†. It covered morality-related issues like the aims and methods of moral philosophy, good will, moral worth and duty and duty and respect for moral law, among others. In later writings such as â€Å"The Critique of Practical Reason†, â€Å"The Metaphysics of Morals†, â€Å"Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View† and â€Å"Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason† he would later refine, develop, modify and enrich some of his views in this piece of work. Deductions from Kant’s Ideas There are two core and interesting conclusions that may be deduced from Kant’s ideas about morality and good will. Fir st, under no circumstances should people consider their morality as something they could just lose or forfeit in exchange for personal desires. In fact, â€Å"desirable traits such as courage, perseverance and cleverness may lose their values and get diminished or sacrificed in certain circumstances† .